Outline
Chapter 18
A. Chromosomes and the cell cycle
1. sex chromosomes
2. Mitosis
3. Phases of Mitosis
4. Meiosis
5. Two stages of Meiosis
Chapter 19
A. Cancer Cells
1. Different Types
2. Causes of Cancer
Chapter 20
A. Genetic Inheritance
B. DNA, RNA
Chapter 21
A.DNA Fingerprinting
1. How it has helped solve crimes
Through out chapters 18 through 21 the book discussed many different things from chromosomes of a cell to that of genetics and inheritance. A lot of the chapters in this section are important to understand because of genetic disorders to cancer and how it can be heredity. In the first chapter it discusses how many chromosomes a person has and what sex chromosomes a male has that is different from a female. Males have X and Y sex chromosomes and females have two X chromosomes. Then later it goes into detail about mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis it has the same number and kind of chromosomes as the cell that later divides it and also has four different stages that the cell goes through. The four different stages are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telephone each phase goes right onto the other without any interruption. Meiosis involves two divisions which involve four daughter cells and then each daughter cell has a different chromosome that means half as many parents’ cells are involved. The two different cell divisions of meiosis is meiosis l and meiosis ll. So what is the difference from mitosis and meiosis? Mitosis is the most common out of the two because it takes part in all tissues during growth and repair. While Meiosis only happens in the reproductive organs and then produces the gametes (the sex cell, the egg or a sperm).Chapter 19 is about cancer cells which was very interesting because so many people die each year from this. The cancer cell keeps on dividing for an unlimited number of times unlike other cells that divide about 60-70 times and then they stop dividing and die off. What are the different types of cancers? Cancers of the blood are classified as leukemia, and then there are cancers in the muscle and connective tissue which are known as sarcomas. Cancers of the epithelial tissues are called Carcinomas which includes skin, breast, liver, pancreas, intestines, lung, prostate and thyroid. Cancers of the lymphatic tissue are lymphomas. The causes of cancer are not fully understood however the environment plays a role in risk factors. Heredity plays the biggest role in cancer especially certain types. Genes that you inherit can play a big role in what types of cancers are common in your family. Other causes that you might not expect are ultraviolet radiation in sunlight and tanning lights which can increase the risks of skin cancer. Organic chemicals such as tobacco smoke, pollutants and viruses can increase the risk factor.Chapters 20 talks about genetic inheritance, DNA and RNA. It explains how genotypes and phenotypes form. Each gene can figure out by the genes that your parents have which genes you will inherit from each of your parents. How some people have a widow’s peak while others might just have a straight hairline. To those individuals that have thousands of freckles and those of us that have no freckles. Other things that they are now being able to find out is if your child could possible end up having a genetic disorder before birth.Chapter 21 discusses a big change that has helped solve crimes and that being DNA testing. Cops are able to catch criminals that are involved in a crime because of DNA fingerprinting from blood or tissue at crime scenes. It also helps with identifying bodies. For instance it was a huge help in identifying the victims of the September 11 terrorist attacks in the United States.
Chapter 18
A. Chromosomes and the cell cycle
1. sex chromosomes
2. Mitosis
3. Phases of Mitosis
4. Meiosis
5. Two stages of Meiosis
Chapter 19
A. Cancer Cells
1. Different Types
2. Causes of Cancer
Chapter 20
A. Genetic Inheritance
B. DNA, RNA
Chapter 21
A.DNA Fingerprinting
1. How it has helped solve crimes
Through out chapters 18 through 21 the book discussed many different things from chromosomes of a cell to that of genetics and inheritance. A lot of the chapters in this section are important to understand because of genetic disorders to cancer and how it can be heredity. In the first chapter it discusses how many chromosomes a person has and what sex chromosomes a male has that is different from a female. Males have X and Y sex chromosomes and females have two X chromosomes. Then later it goes into detail about mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis it has the same number and kind of chromosomes as the cell that later divides it and also has four different stages that the cell goes through. The four different stages are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telephone each phase goes right onto the other without any interruption. Meiosis involves two divisions which involve four daughter cells and then each daughter cell has a different chromosome that means half as many parents’ cells are involved. The two different cell divisions of meiosis is meiosis l and meiosis ll. So what is the difference from mitosis and meiosis? Mitosis is the most common out of the two because it takes part in all tissues during growth and repair. While Meiosis only happens in the reproductive organs and then produces the gametes (the sex cell, the egg or a sperm).Chapter 19 is about cancer cells which was very interesting because so many people die each year from this. The cancer cell keeps on dividing for an unlimited number of times unlike other cells that divide about 60-70 times and then they stop dividing and die off. What are the different types of cancers? Cancers of the blood are classified as leukemia, and then there are cancers in the muscle and connective tissue which are known as sarcomas. Cancers of the epithelial tissues are called Carcinomas which includes skin, breast, liver, pancreas, intestines, lung, prostate and thyroid. Cancers of the lymphatic tissue are lymphomas. The causes of cancer are not fully understood however the environment plays a role in risk factors. Heredity plays the biggest role in cancer especially certain types. Genes that you inherit can play a big role in what types of cancers are common in your family. Other causes that you might not expect are ultraviolet radiation in sunlight and tanning lights which can increase the risks of skin cancer. Organic chemicals such as tobacco smoke, pollutants and viruses can increase the risk factor.Chapters 20 talks about genetic inheritance, DNA and RNA. It explains how genotypes and phenotypes form. Each gene can figure out by the genes that your parents have which genes you will inherit from each of your parents. How some people have a widow’s peak while others might just have a straight hairline. To those individuals that have thousands of freckles and those of us that have no freckles. Other things that they are now being able to find out is if your child could possible end up having a genetic disorder before birth.Chapter 21 discusses a big change that has helped solve crimes and that being DNA testing. Cops are able to catch criminals that are involved in a crime because of DNA fingerprinting from blood or tissue at crime scenes. It also helps with identifying bodies. For instance it was a huge help in identifying the victims of the September 11 terrorist attacks in the United States.
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