Compendium Review Chapters 5,6,7

Chapter 5

Cardiovascular system
Consists of the heart that pumps the blood, and the blood vessels which help with the blood flow. With every beat of the heart blood is sent into the blood vessels and always contained within blood vessels. This helps because blood removes waste products from tissue fluid. In order for cells to continue there existence it has to bring tissue fluid, oxygen and nutrients

Lymphatic system: is assistant to cardiovascular because its vessels collect excess tissue fluid and then return it to the cardiovascular system.
The different kinds of blood vessels

The arteries: has three layers, inner most layer is a thin layer of cells which are called endothelium. Middle layer is relatively thick layer of smooth muscle and elastic tissue and the outer layer is connective tissue. The walls of the artery gives support when blood enters under pressure. The elastic tissue helps an artery to expand to absorb the pressure.

The capillaries: Arterioles branch into capillaries. Capillary is an extremely narrow microscopic tube with a wall made of only endothelium with a basement membrane. Total surface area in humans is about 6,300 square meters of capillaries as they are in every part of the body.

The veins: venules are small veins that drain blood from capillaries and then join to form a vein. Have the same three layers as arteries but less smooth muscle in the middle layer and less connective tissue in the outer layer of veins. The outer layer allows blood to flow only towards the heart when open and prevents its blood from going back when closed.

The heart is cone shaped muscular organ. To get the approximate size of the heart make a fist then clasp the fist with your opposite hand. A cardiac cycle is each heart beat. The heart contrasts or beats about 70 times a minute and each beat lasts about .85 seconds. Normal adult rate at rest can vary from 60 to 80 beats per minute. The lub sound happens when increasing pressure of blood inside ventricle forces the cusps of the AV value to slam shut. The dup sound happens when the ventricles relax and blood in the arteries pushes back, causing the semi lunar value to close.

Pulse normally indicates the heart rate. The pulse rate is usually 70 beats per minute but can vary between 60 and 80 beats per minute.

Blood pressure: pressure of blood against the wall of the blood vessel. A sphygmonanometer is used to measure blood pressure. Normal resting blood pressure for a young adult is said to be 120 mm mercury over 30

Chapter 6 Blood
Human bodies contain about 5 liters of blood. Three categories blood fall into: transport, defense and regulation. Blood delivers oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from digestive tract to the tissue when an exchange takes place. Blood defends the body against invasion by pathogens in many ways. Some blood cells are capable of phagocytizing and destroying pathogens others produce and secrete antibodies into blood. Blood regulatory functions help regulate our body temperature by picking up heat from muscles and transporting it to the body.

Red blood cells are small biconcave aisles that lack a nucleus when mature. There are 4-6 million red blood cells per mm of the whole body.

White blood cells are different from red blood cells they are longer and have a nucleus. White blood cells lack hemoglobin and are translucent unless stained. Only 5,000-11,000 per mm of blood. White blood cells fight infection and are a big part to the immune system. Two types of white blood cells: granular leukocytes and agranular leukocytes.

Chapter 7
Bacteria: single cell prokaryotes and they don’t have a nucleus. The three different shapes of bacteria anatomy are: bacillus has a rod shape; coccus has a spherical shape and a spirillum is curved. Bacteria have a cell wall that has unique amino disaccharide. Bacteria independent cells that metabolically competent and they reproduce by binary fission. The single chromosome attached to the plasma membrane is copied. Then as the cell gets bigger the chromosomes separate and the new formed plasma membrane and cell wall separate the cell into two cells.

Viruses: are the gap between the living and the nonliving. Outside a host viruses are mainly chemicals that store themselves. With the chance they will replicate inside cells and during this certain period they seem to be alive. Viruses are a cellular which means they aren’t composed of cells. A virus particle is about four times smaller then that of bacteria. Viruses always have two parts an outer capsid composed of protein and an inner core of nucleic acid.

The body puts up many barriers the entry to these barriers can be physical and chemical that serve as first line of defense against an infection.
Skin and mucous membrane, chemical barriers, resident bacteria.
The second line of defense is by the inflammatory response.
When all these have failed to prevent an infection we have specific defenses that can come into play. Which are either B cells or T cells.

The web activities deal with the different types of things from the chapters for instance phagocytosis, immunity, and HIV & AIDS. There were different types of videos and web sites for each one of the activities. By having videos and a different look from the book you can get a different look at things and gain more knowledge.